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Multipath transmission is considered one of the promising solutions to improve wireless resource utilization where there are many kinds of heterogeneous networks around. Most scheduling algorithms rely on real-time network metrics, including delay, packet loss, and arrival rates, and achieve satisfying results in simulation or wired environments. However, the implicit premise of a scheduling algorithm may conflict with the characteristics of real heterogeneous wireless networks, which has been ignored before. This paper analyzes the real network metrics of three Chinese heterogeneous wireless networks under different transmission rates. To make the results more convincing, we conduct experiments in various scenarios, including different locations, different times of the day, different numbers of users, and different motion speeds. Further, we verify the suitability of a typical delay-aware multipath scheduling algorithm, Lowest Round Trip Time, in heterogeneous networks based on the actual data measured above. Finally, we conclude the characteristics of heterogeneous wireless networks, which need to be considered in a well-designed multipath scheduling algorithm. 

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a highly valuable fruit crop, and yield is one of the most important agronomic traits. However, the genetic architecture underlying tomato yield-related traits has not been fully addressed. Based on ∼4.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from 605 diverse accessions, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide association study for 27 agronomic traits in tomato. A total of 239 significant associations corresponding to 129 loci, harboring many previously reported and additional genes related to vegetative and reproductive development, were identified, and these loci explained an average of ∼8.8% of the phenotypic variance. A total of 51 loci associated with 25 traits have been under selection during tomato domestication and improvement. Furthermore, a candidate gene, Sl-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER15, that encodes an aluminum-activated malate transporter was functionally characterized and shown to act as a pivotal regulator of leaf stomata formation, thereby affecting photosynthesis and drought resistance. This study provides valuable information for tomato genetic research and breeding.